Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1900, anthu akhala akusangalala ndi kufufuza mlengalenga ndikumvetsetsa zomwe zili kunja kwa Dziko Lapansi. Mabungwe akuluakulu monga NASA ndi ESA akhala patsogolo pa kufufuza mlengalenga, ndipo wosewera wina wofunikira pakupambana kumeneku ndi kusindikiza kwa 3D. Ndi kuthekera kopanga mwachangu zinthu zovuta pamtengo wotsika, ukadaulo wa mapangidwe uwu ukutchuka kwambiri m'makampani. Umapangitsa kuti pakhale mapulogalamu ambiri, monga ma satellite, ma spacesuits, ndi zida za rocket. Ndipotu, malinga ndi SmarTech, mtengo wamsika wamakampani opanga zowonjezera za mlengalenga payekha ukuyembekezeka kufika €2.1 biliyoni pofika chaka cha 2026. Izi zikubweretsa funso lakuti: Kodi kusindikiza kwa 3D kungathandize bwanji anthu kupambana mlengalenga?
Poyamba, kusindikiza kwa 3D kunkagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga ma prototyping mwachangu m'mafakitale azachipatala, magalimoto, ndi ndege. Komabe, popeza ukadaulowu wafalikira kwambiri, ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zomalizidwa. Ukadaulo wopanga zowonjezera zitsulo, makamaka L-PBF, walola kupanga zitsulo zosiyanasiyana zokhala ndi mawonekedwe komanso kulimba koyenera malo ovuta kwambiri. Ukadaulo wina wosindikiza wa 3D, monga DED, binder jetting, ndi extrusion process, umagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga zinthu zoyendera ndege. M'zaka zaposachedwa, mitundu yatsopano yamabizinesi yatuluka, ndi makampani monga Made in Space ndi Relativity Space akugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosindikiza wa 3D popanga zinthu zoyendera ndege.
Malo osindikizira a Relativity Space omwe amapanga makina osindikizira a 3D amakampani opanga ndege
Ukadaulo wosindikiza wa 3D mu ndege
Tsopano popeza taziyambitsa, tiyeni tiwone bwino ukadaulo wosiyanasiyana wosindikiza wa 3D womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakampani opanga ndege. Choyamba, ziyenera kudziwika kuti kupanga zowonjezera zitsulo, makamaka L-PBF, ndiko komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'munda uno. Njirayi imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya laser kuphatikiza ufa wachitsulo ndi wosanjikiza. Ndi yoyenera kwambiri popanga zigawo zazing'ono, zovuta, zolondola, komanso zosinthidwa. Opanga ndege amathanso kupindula ndi DED, yomwe imaphatikizapo kuyika waya wachitsulo kapena ufa ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokonza, kuphimba, kapena kupanga zitsulo kapena zida zadothi zopangidwa mwamakonda.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kulumikiza zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito ma binder jetting, ngakhale kuti kuli kopindulitsa pankhani ya liwiro lopanga komanso mtengo wotsika, sikoyenera kupanga zida zamakanika zogwira ntchito kwambiri chifukwa zimafuna njira zolimbikitsira pambuyo pokonza zomwe zimawonjezera nthawi yopangira chinthu chomaliza. Ukadaulo wotulutsa zinthu umagwiranso ntchito bwino m'mlengalenga. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti si ma polima onse omwe ndi oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mumlengalenga, koma mapulasitiki ogwira ntchito kwambiri monga PEEK amatha kusintha ziwalo zina zachitsulo chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo. Komabe, njira yosindikizira ya 3D iyi si yofala kwambiri, koma ikhoza kukhala chuma chamtengo wapatali chofufuzira mlengalenga pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zatsopano.
Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) ndi ukadaulo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri posindikiza zinthu za 3D pamlengalenga.
Kuthekera kwa Zipangizo Zamlengalenga
Makampani opanga ndege akhala akufufuza zinthu zatsopano kudzera mu kusindikiza kwa 3D, akupereka njira zina zatsopano zomwe zingasokoneze msika. Ngakhale zitsulo monga titaniyamu, aluminiyamu, ndi nickel-chromium alloys zakhala zikufunidwa kwambiri, zinthu zatsopano zitha posachedwa kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri: mwezi regolith. Lunar regolith ndi fumbi lophimba mwezi, ndipo ESA yawonetsa ubwino wophatikiza ndi kusindikiza kwa 3D. Advenit Makaya, mainjiniya wamkulu wopanga zinthu ku ESA, akufotokoza kuti mwezi regolith ndi wofanana ndi konkire, makamaka wopangidwa ndi silicon ndi zinthu zina monga chitsulo, magnesium, aluminiyamu, ndi mpweya. ESA yagwirizana ndi Lithoz kuti apange zigawo zazing'ono zogwira ntchito monga zomangira ndi magiya pogwiritsa ntchito mwezi regolith woyerekeza wokhala ndi zinthu zofanana ndi fumbi lenileni la mwezi.
Njira zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mwezi wa regolith zimagwiritsa ntchito kutentha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zigwirizane ndi ukadaulo monga SLS ndi njira zosindikizira za ufa. ESA ikugwiritsanso ntchito ukadaulo wa D-Shape ndi cholinga chopanga zigawo zolimba mwa kusakaniza magnesium chloride ndi zinthu ndikuziphatikiza ndi magnesium oxide yomwe imapezeka mu chitsanzo choyerekezeredwa. Chimodzi mwazabwino zazikulu za mwezi uwu ndi kusindikiza kwake kwabwino kwambiri, komwe kumathandizira kuti upange zigawo molondola kwambiri. Mbali iyi ikhoza kukhala chuma chachikulu pakukulitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito ndi zida zopangira maziko a mwezi wamtsogolo.
Lunar Regolith ili paliponse
Palinso regolith ya ku Mars, ponena za zinthu zomwe zili pansi pa nthaka zomwe zapezeka pa Mars. Pakadali pano, mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi a zakuthambo sangathe kupeza zinthuzi, koma izi sizinalepheretse asayansi kufufuza momwe zingagwiritsidwire ntchito m'mapulojekiti ena a ndege. Ofufuza akugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zoyeserera za zinthuzi ndipo akuziphatikiza ndi titanium alloy kuti apange zida kapena zigawo za roketi. Zotsatira zoyambirira zikusonyeza kuti zinthuzi zipereka mphamvu zambiri ndikuteteza zida ku dzimbiri ndi kuwonongeka kwa ma radiation. Ngakhale kuti zinthu ziwirizi zili ndi makhalidwe ofanana, lunar regolith ikadali chinthu choyesedwa kwambiri. Ubwino wina ndi wakuti zinthuzi zitha kupangidwa pamalopo popanda kufunikira kunyamula zinthu zopangira kuchokera ku Dziko Lapansi. Kuphatikiza apo, regolith ndi gwero losatha la zinthu, zomwe zimathandiza kupewa kusowa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosindikiza wa 3D mumakampani opanga ndege
Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosindikiza wa 3D mumakampani opanga ndege kumatha kusiyana kutengera njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) ingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zida zovuta za nthawi yochepa, monga zida zamagetsi kapena zida zina zapamlengalenga. Launcher, kampani yoyambira ku California, idagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosindikiza wa Velo3D wa safiro-chitsulo wa 3D kuti ikonze injini yake ya roketi yamadzimadzi ya E-2. Njira ya wopanga idagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga turbine yoyambitsa, yomwe imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakufulumizitsa ndikuyendetsa LOX (oxygen yamadzimadzi) mu chipinda choyaka moto. Turbine ndi sensa zonse zidasindikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosindikiza wa 3D kenako nkusonkhanitsidwa. Gawo latsopanoli limapatsa roketi kuyenda kwamadzimadzi ambiri komanso mphamvu zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale gawo lofunikira la injini.
Velo3D inathandiza kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa PBF popanga injini ya roketi yamadzimadzi ya E-2.
Kupanga zinthu zowonjezera kumakhala ndi ntchito zambiri, kuphatikizapo kupanga nyumba zazing'ono ndi zazikulu. Mwachitsanzo, ukadaulo wosindikiza wa 3D monga yankho la Relativity Space's Stargate ungagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zinthu zazikulu monga matanki amafuta a rocket ndi masamba a propeller. Relativity Space yatsimikizira izi kudzera mu kupanga bwino kwa Terran 1, rocket yosindikizidwa pafupifupi 3D, kuphatikiza thanki yamafuta ya mamita angapo. Kutulutsidwa kwake koyamba pa Marichi 23, 2023, kunawonetsa kugwira ntchito bwino komanso kudalirika kwa njira zopangira zowonjezera.
Ukadaulo wosindikiza wa 3D wogwiritsa ntchito extrusion umalolanso kupanga ziwalo pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zapamwamba monga PEEK. Zigawo zopangidwa ndi thermoplastic iyi zayesedwa kale mumlengalenga ndipo zinayikidwa pa Rashid rover ngati gawo la ntchito ya mwezi ya UAE. Cholinga cha mayesowa chinali kuyesa kukana kwa PEEK ku nyengo yovuta kwambiri ya mwezi. Ngati ipambana, PEEK ikhoza kusintha ziwalo zachitsulo m'malo momwe ziwalo zachitsulo zimasweka kapena zinthu sizikupezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, mphamvu zopepuka za PEEK zitha kukhala zothandiza pakufufuza mlengalenga.
Ukadaulo wosindikiza wa 3D ungagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana zamakampani opanga ndege.
Ubwino wa kusindikiza kwa 3D mumakampani opanga ndege
Ubwino wa kusindikiza kwa 3D mumakampani opanga ndege ndi monga mawonekedwe abwino a ziwalo poyerekeza ndi njira zachikhalidwe zomangira. Johannes Homa, CEO wa kampani yopanga makina osindikizira a 3D ku Austria Lithoz, adati "ukadaulo uwu umapangitsa ziwalo kukhala zopepuka." Chifukwa cha ufulu wopanga, zinthu zosindikizidwa za 3D zimakhala zogwira mtima kwambiri ndipo zimafuna zinthu zochepa. Izi zili ndi zotsatira zabwino pa chilengedwe cha kupanga zigawo. Relativity Space yawonetsa kuti kupanga zowonjezera kungachepetse kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zigawo zofunika popanga chombo chamlengalenga. Pa roketi ya Terran 1, zigawo 100 zinasungidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, ukadaulo uwu uli ndi zabwino zambiri pa liwiro lopanga, ndipo roketiyo imamalizidwa pasanathe masiku 60. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kupanga roketi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachikhalidwe kungatenge zaka zingapo.
Ponena za kasamalidwe ka zinthu, kusindikiza kwa 3D kumatha kusunga zinthu ndipo, nthawi zina, kumalola kubwezeretsanso zinyalala. Pomaliza, kupanga zowonjezera kungakhale chinthu chamtengo wapatali chochepetsera kulemera kwa maroketi omwe amauluka. Cholinga chake ndikuwonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zakomweko, monga regolith, ndikuchepetsa kunyamula zinthu mkati mwa chombo chamlengalenga. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kunyamula chosindikizira cha 3D chokha, chomwe chingapange chilichonse pamalopo pambuyo pa ulendo.
Made in Space yatumiza kale imodzi mwa makina awo osindikizira a 3D ku danga kuti akayesedwe.
Zoletsa za kusindikiza kwa 3D mumlengalenga
Ngakhale kusindikiza kwa 3D kuli ndi ubwino wambiri, ukadaulowu ukadali watsopano ndipo uli ndi zoletsa. Advenit Makaya adati, "Vuto limodzi lalikulu pakupanga zowonjezera mumakampani opanga ndege ndikuwongolera njira ndi kutsimikizira." Opanga amatha kulowa mu labu ndikuyesa mphamvu ya gawo lililonse, kudalirika, ndi kapangidwe kake kakang'ono asanatsimikizire, njira yomwe imadziwika kuti kuyesa kosawononga (NDT). Komabe, izi zitha kutenga nthawi komanso kukhala zodula, kotero cholinga chachikulu ndikuchepetsa kufunikira kwa mayeso awa. NASA posachedwapa yakhazikitsa malo oti athetse vutoli, loyang'ana kwambiri pakupereka chitsimikizo mwachangu cha zigawo zachitsulo zopangidwa ndi opanga zowonjezera. Malowa cholinga chake ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mapasa a digito kuti akonze mitundu yamakompyuta yazinthu, zomwe zithandiza mainjiniya kumvetsetsa bwino magwiridwe antchito ndi zofooka za zigawo, kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa kupsinjika komwe angapirire asanasweke. Pochita izi, malowa akuyembekeza kuthandiza kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito kusindikiza kwa 3D mumakampani opanga ndege, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zogwira mtima kwambiri popikisana ndi njira zachikhalidwe zopangira.
Zigawozi zayesedwa mokwanira komanso kudalirika.
Kumbali ina, njira yotsimikizira imakhala yosiyana ngati kupanga kumachitika mumlengalenga. Advenit Makaya wa ESA akufotokoza kuti, "Pali njira yomwe imaphatikizapo kusanthula ziwalo panthawi yosindikiza." Njirayi imathandiza kudziwa kuti ndi zinthu ziti zosindikizidwa zomwe zili zoyenera ndi ziti zomwe sizili zoyenera. Kuphatikiza apo, pali njira yodzikonzera yokha ya osindikiza a 3D omwe adapangidwira malo ndipo akuyesedwa pamakina achitsulo. Dongosololi limatha kuzindikira zolakwika zomwe zingachitike pakupanga ndikusintha zokha magawo ake kuti akonze zolakwika zilizonse mu gawolo. Machitidwe awiriwa akuyembekezeka kukweza kudalirika kwa zinthu zosindikizidwa mumlengalenga.
Pofuna kutsimikizira mayankho osindikizira a 3D, NASA ndi ESA akhazikitsa miyezo. Miyezo iyi ikuphatikizapo mayeso angapo kuti adziwe kudalirika kwa zigawo. Amaganizira za ukadaulo wophatikiza ufa ndipo akuwusintha kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zina. Komabe, osewera ambiri akuluakulu mumakampani opanga zinthu, monga Arkema, BASF, Dupont, ndi Sabic, nawonso amapereka njira yotsatirira izi.
Kukhala mumlengalenga?
Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wosindikiza wa 3D, taona mapulojekiti ambiri opambana padziko lapansi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu kumanga nyumba. Izi zimatipangitsa kudzifunsa ngati njirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito posachedwa kapena patali pomanga nyumba zomwe anthu amakhalamo mumlengalenga. Ngakhale kuti kukhala mumlengalenga pakadali pano sikungatheke, kumanga nyumba, makamaka pamwezi, kungakhale kopindulitsa kwa akatswiri a zakuthambo pochita ntchito zamlengalenga. Cholinga cha European Space Agency (ESA) ndikumanga ma domes pamwezi pogwiritsa ntchito mwezi regolith, womwe ungagwiritsidwe ntchito kumanga makoma kapena njerwa kuti ateteze akatswiri a zakuthambo ku kuwala kwa dzuwa. Malinga ndi Advenit Makaya wochokera ku ESA, mwezi regolith umapangidwa ndi pafupifupi 60% yachitsulo ndi 40% ya mpweya ndipo ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kuti munthu apulumuke chifukwa chingapereke mpweya wopanda malire ngati chichotsedwa muzinthuzi.
NASA yapereka ndalama zokwana $57.2 miliyoni ku ICON chifukwa chopanga makina osindikizira a 3D omangira nyumba pamwamba pa mwezi ndipo ikugwirizananso ndi kampaniyo kuti ipange malo okhala a Mars Dune Alpha. Cholinga chake ndikuyesa mikhalidwe ya moyo ku Mars mwa kukhala ndi odzipereka okhala m'malo okhala kwa chaka chimodzi, kutsanzira mikhalidwe ya Red Planet. Ntchitozi zikuyimira njira zofunika kwambiri zomangira mwachindunji nyumba zosindikizidwa za 3D pamwezi ndi Mars, zomwe pamapeto pake zitha kuyambitsa njira yoti anthu azitha kulowa mumlengalenga.
M'tsogolomu, nyumba zimenezi zingathandize kuti zamoyo zipulumuke mlengalenga.
Nthawi yotumizira: Juni-14-2023
